Temple of Derr

The Temple of Derr or el-Derr is a speos or rock-cut Egyptian temple built by pharaoh Ramesses II in Lower Nubia.[1] It is the only rock-cut temple in Nubia which was constructed by this pharaoh on the right (or east) bank of the Nile and used to stand at el-Derr.[2] The temple's unique position "was probably because the river on its approach to the Korosko bend flows in an 'unnatural' southeasterly direction."[3] The Derr structure was known in ancient times as 'The Temple of Ri'amsese-meryamun [Ramesses II] in the Domain of Re '[4] and was dedicated to the god Ra-Horakhty.[5] Scholars disagree over its precise construction date: the French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal states that it was built in the thirteenth year of Ramesses II, presumably to coincide with his first royal jubilee.[6] In contrast, John Baines and Jaromír Málek write that the temple of Derr "was built in the second half of the king's reign", likely because its "plan and decoration resembles the Great Temple of Abu Simbel (minus the colossal seated statues against the facade)."[7] Abu Simbel was built between Year 24 and Year 31 of Ramesses' reign.[8] According to Joyce Tyldesley, the Temple of Derr was built by Setau, who is known to have served as Ramesses' Viceroy of Kush or Nubia between Year 38 to 63 of this pharaoh's reign.[9]

Decorations and architecture

The temple of Derr is more elaborate than the speos of Beit el-Wali and "consisted of a sequence of two hypostyle halls (probably preceded by a forecourt and a pylon) leading to a triple sanctuary where a cult of statues of Ramesses II, Amon-Re, Ra-Horakhty and Ptah was celebrated."[10] When cleaned and restored in modern times, Derr proved to contain unusually bright and vivid relief decorations which contrasted sharply "with the more subdued color tones" from other Egyptian temples.[11]

In 1964, the temple was dismantled and relocated along with the Temple of Amada to a new site.[12][13] This move was made necessary by the rising waters of Lake Nasser, due to the Aswan High Dam project.[14] Early travellers visited the original site, and the temple itself was first studied and published by Aylward Blackman[15] in 1913.[16]

References

  1. ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992. p.259
  2. ^ John Baines and Jaromír Málek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Facts on File Publications New York, 1982. p.183
  3. ^ Baines and Málek, p.183
  4. ^ Baines and Málek, p.183
  5. ^ Rosalie David, Discovering Ancient Egypt, Facts on File, 1993. p.104
  6. ^ Grimal, p.259
  7. ^ Baines and Málek, p.183
  8. ^ Grimal, p.260
  9. ^ Joyce Tyldesley, Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 2001 paperback, pp.104 & 167
  10. ^ Grimal, p.259
  11. ^ Baines and Málek, p.183
  12. ^ David, p.104
  13. ^ Christine Hobson, Exploring the World of the Pharaohs: A complete guide to Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson 1993 paperback, p.177
  14. ^ Craig Hildreth, The Temple of Derr in Nubia, exploreegypt.net
  15. ^ David, p.104
  16. ^ Aylward M. Blackman, The Temple of Derr, (Cairo 1913)

External links